Topic 12: Imperial Russia (1855-1924)
Alexander II
¨The reforms of Alexander II were mainly aimed at preserving Russian autocracy.” Discuss. (Nov 2017)
Vocab
Alexander II
Serfs
Emancipation Edict (1861)
Redemption Payments
Mir
Bezdna massacre (1861)
Land Hunger
Kulaks
Conscription Act (1874)
University Statute
¨To the People¨
Zemstvo
Duma
¨Trial of 193
People´s Will
Trial of 50
Third Section
Helpful Resources
Primary Source - Tsar Alexander II, Emancipation Edict Manifesto, 19 February 1861
Blanchard, Ian. “Russian Railway Construction and the Urals Charcoal Iron and Steel Industry, 1851-1914.” The Economic History Review, vol. 53, no. 1, 2000, pp. 107–126.
Eklof, Ben, et al, (ed) Russia's Great Reforms, 1855-1881, Indiana University Press, 1994
Hartnett, Lynne. "The Making of a Revolutionary Icon: Vera Nikolaevna Figner and the People's Will in the Wake of the Assassination of Tsar Aleksandr II." Canadian Slavonic Papers, vol. 43, no. 2, 2001, pp. 249-270.
Miller, Forrestt A. “Dmitrii Miliutin: Liberal or Conservative?” Jahrbücher Für Geschichte Osteuropas, vol. 13, no. 2, 1965, pp. 192–198.
Mosse, Werner, Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia, I. B. Tauris, 1992
Polunov, Alexandr, Owen, Thomas C., and Zakharova, L. G.. Russia in the Nineteenth Century:Autocracy, Reform, and Social Change, 1814-1914. Armonk: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005.
Pushkarev, Sergei G. “The Russian Peasants' Reaction to the Emancipation of 1861.” The Russian Review, vol. 27, no. 2, 1968, pp. 199–214.
Radzinsky, Edvard, Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar, Free Press, 2005
Rieber, Alfred, “Alexander II: A Revisionist View.” The Journal of Modern History 43, no. 1 (1971): 42–58.
Rieber, Alfred, The Imperial Russian Project: Autocratic Politics, Economic Development, and Social Fragmentation, University of Toronto Press, 2017
Sanborn, Josh. “Conscription, Correspondence and Politics in Late Imperial Russia.” Russian History, vol. 24, no. 1/2, 1997, pp. 27–40.
Saunders, David, Russia in the Age of Reaction and Reform 1801-1881, Routledge, 1992
Seton-Watson, Hugh, The Decline of Imperial Russia, 1855-1914, F.A. Praeger, New York - Washington, 1965
Shlapentokh, Vladimir. “Alexander II and Mikhail Gorbachev—Two Reformers in Historical Perspective.” Russian History, vol. 17, no. 4, 1990, pp. 395–408.
William Wcislo, Francis, Reforming Rural Russia: State, Local Society, and National Politics, 1855-1914, Princeton University Press, 1990
Wood, Alan. The Origins of the Russian Revolution, 1861-1917. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.
Podcast - BBC In Our Time: Tsar Alexander II´s Assassination
Video - The Romanovs. The History of the Russian Dynasty - Episode 7
Video - Russia - Land of the Tsars 16 (Context - Nicolas I)
Alexander III & Nicolas II
With reference to the period up to 1914, discuss the economic developments that took place in Russia during the reigns of Alexander III & Nicolas II (May 2017)
Vocab
Witte
Father Gapon
Bloody Sunday
black repartition
Land Bank
Vyshnegradsky
Stolypin Reforms
bet on the sober and strong
the years of the Red Cockerel (1903-4)
Medele´ev Tariff Act (1891)
Unshakeable Autocracy (1881)
land captain (1889)
October Manifesto (1905)
Fundamental Laws (1906)
Safeguard system (1881)
Duma
Okhrana
Statute on Police Surveillance (1902)
Stolypin´s necktie
Lena Goldfields Massacre (1912)
Russificiation
Black Hundreds
Social Democrats (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks)
Soviets
Lenin
Pravda
Trotsky
Social Revolutionarists (SR)
Political Programme of SR
All-Russian Peasant Union
Liberals (Octoberists, Kadets, Progressists)
Union of Unions
Vyborg Manifesto (1906)
Naval Staffs crisis (1908)
Stolypin´s Western Zemstvo Bill (1911)
Helpful Resources
Primary Source - Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, ¨What is to be Done 1902¨ in Lenin’s Collected Works, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961, Moscow, Volume 5, pp. 347-530
Primary Source - Tsar Alexander III, ¨The Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy¨ 1881
Anemone, Anthony, Just Assassins: The Culture of Terrorism in Russia, Northwestern University Press, 2010
Ascher, Abraham, P.A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia, Stanford University Press, 2001
Badcock, Sarah, Politics and People Revolutionary Russia, Cambridge University Press, 2007
Badcock, Sarah, A Prison Without Walls? Eastern Siberian Exile in the Last Years of Tsarism, Oxford University Press, 2017
Bonnell, Victoria, Roots of Rebellion: Workers' Politics and Organizations in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1900-1914, University of California Press, 1984
Charques, Richard, The Twilight of Imperial Russia, Oxford University Press, 1974
Figes, Orlando, Revolutionary Russia, 1891-1991: A History, Metropolitan Books, 2014
Galai, Shmuel, The Liberation Movement in Russia 1900-1905, Cambridge University Press, 1973
Gatrell, Peter, Government, Industry and Rearmament in Russia, 1900-1914: The Last Argument of Tsarism, Cambridge University Press, 1994
Gerasimov, Ilya, Modernism and Public Reform in Late Imperial Russia: Rural Professionals and Self-Organization, 1905-30, 2009
Hosking, Geoffrey, Russia and the Russians: A History. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001
Hosking, Geoffrey & Robert, Service, Russian Nationalism, Past and Present. MacMillian Press, 1998
Hildermeier, Manfred, The Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party Before the First World War, Palgrave MacMillan, 2000
McReynolds, Louise, The News under Russia's Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press, Princeton University Press, 1991
Melancon, Michael, The Lena Goldfields Massacre and the Crisis of the Late Tsarist State. Texas A&M University Press, 2006
Morrissey, Susan, Suicide and the Body Politic in Imperial Russia, Cambridge University Press,2007
Mommsen, Wolfgang & Dr Hirschfeld , Gerhard (eds.), Social Protest, Violence and Terror in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Europe, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1982
Naimark, Norman, Terrorists And Social Democrats: The Russian Revolutionary Movement Under Alexander III, Harvard University Press, 1983
Pallo, Judith, Land Reform in Russia, 1906-1917: Peasant Responses to Stolypin's Project of Rural Transformation, Clarendon Press, 1999
Polunov, Alexandr, Owen, Thomas C., and Zakharova, L. G.. Russia in the Nineteenth Century:Autocracy, Reform, and Social Change, 1814-1914. Armonk: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005.
Shanin, Teodor, The awkward class. Political sociology of peasantry in a developing society: Russia 1910-1925, At the Clarendon Press, 1972
Shanin, Teodor, Late Marx and the Russian Road: Marx and the Peripheries of Capitalism, 1983
Shanin, Teodor, Russia as a ‘Developing Society’: The Roots of Otherness: Russia’s Turn of Century Volume 1, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985
Tokmakoff, George. “Stolypin's Agrarian Reform: An Appraisal.” The Russian Review, vol. 30, no. 2, 1971, pp. 124–138.
Von Laue, T. H. “A Secret Memorandum of Sergei Witte on the Industrialization of Imperial Russia.” The Journal of Modern History, vol. 26, no. 1, 1954, pp. 60–74.
William Wcislo, Francis, Reforming Rural Russia: State, Local Society, and National Politics, 1855-1914, Princeton University Press, 1990
Wood, Alan. The Origins of the Russian Revolution, 1861-1917. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.
Wortman, Richard. "Moscow and Petersburg: The Problem of Political Center in Tsarist Russia, 1881-1914." In Russian Monarchy: Representation and Rule, 170-98. Brighton, MA, USA: Academic Studies Press, 2013.
Wortman, Richard. "The Russian Empire and Russian Monarchy: The Problem of Russian Nationalism." In Russian Monarchy: Representation and Rule, 221-32. Brighton, MA, USA: Academic Studies Press, 2013.
Wortman, Richard, Russian monarchy: representation and rule: collected articles, Academic Studies Press, 2013
Video - The Romanovs. The History of the Russian Dynasty - Episode 8
1905 Revolution
Discuss the causes and consequences of the 1905 Revolution in Russia (May 2018)
Vocab
Russo-Japanese War (1904-5)
Union of Liberation
All-Russian Peasant Union (1905)
Bloody Sunday
Union of Unions
Bulygin Constitution
October Manifesto
Helpful Resources
Primary Source - Father Gapon, The ¨Bloody Sunday¨ Petition to the Tsar¨ 1905.
Primary Source - ¨The Program of the Social Revolutionists,¨ 1905
Primary Source - Tsar Nicolas II, ¨October Manifesto,¨ 1905
Primary Source - Tsar Nicolas II, ¨The Fundamental Laws,¨ 1906
Primary Source - Vyborg Manifesto, 1906
Doctorow, Gilbert S. "The Fundamental State Laws of 23 April 1906." The Russian Review 35, no. 1 (1976): 33-52.
Edelman, Robert. Proletarian Peasants: The Revolution of 1905 in Russia's Southwest. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987.
Esthus, Raymond A. "Nicholas II and the Russo-Japanese War." The Russian Review 40, no. 4 (1981): 396-411.
Heywood, Anthony, Smele, Jonathan, The Russian Revolution of 1905: Centenary Perspectives, Routledge, 2005
Perrie, Maureen, The Agrarian Policy of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party: From its Origins through the Revolution of 1905-1907, Cambridge University Press, 1977
Pleshakov, Constantine, The Tsar’s Last Armada: The Epic Voyage to the Battle of Tsushima, Basic Books, 2002
Shanin, Teodor, Russia, 1905-07: Revolution As A Moment of Truth, Yale University Press, 1986
Steinberg, John W. "Was the Russo-Japanese War World War Zero?" The Russian Review 67, no. 1 (2008): 1-7.
Steinberg, Mark, The Russian Revolution, 1905-1921, Oxford University Press, 2016
Steinwedel, Charles. “The 1905 Revolution in Ufa: Mass Politics, Elections, and Nationality.” The Russian Review, vol. 59, no. 4, 2000, pp. 555–576.
Wortman, Richard. "Nicholas II and the Revolution of 1905." In Russian Monarchy: Representation and Rule, 199-218. Brighton, MA, USA: Academic Studies Press, 2013.
February Revolution
¨Russia´s participation in the First World War was the main cause of the February/March 1917 Revolution.¨ To what extent do you agree with this statement? (May 2018)
Vocab
Stavka
Progressive bloc
Rasputin
Helpful Resources
Charques, Richard, The Twilight of Imperial Russia, Oxford University Press, 1974
Figes, Orlando, Revolutionary Russia, 1891-1991: A History, Metropolitan Books, 2014
Gatrell, Peter, Russia's First World War: A Social and Economic History, Longman, 2005
Hosking, Geoffrey, Russia and the Russians: A History. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001
Read, Christopher. "In Search of Liberal Tsarism: The Historiography of Autocratic Decline." The Historical Journal 45, no. 1 (2002): 195-210.
Pipes, Richard. “Did the Russian Revolution Have to Happen?” The American Scholar 63, no. 2 (1994): 215–38.
Steinberg, Mark, The Russian Revolution, 1905-1921, Oxford University Press, 2016
White, James D. "The February Revolution and the Bolshevik Vyborg District Committee (In Response to Michael Melancon)." Soviet Studies 41, no. 4 (1989): 602-24.
Video - Lieven, Dominic, The February Revolution in Russia, Gresham College
October Revolutions
Discuss the view that the Provisional Government collapsed because of the power of the Soviets? (Nov 2017)
Vocab
Dual Power
Petrograd Soviet
Soviet Order Number One
Provisional Gov’t
bourgeois ministers
Kornilov Coup
Land to the Peasants¨
Zinoviev, Kamenev, Stalin
October Revolution
Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies
revolutionary defensism
Milyukov
Kerensky Offensive
July Days
Kronsdadt
April Theses
1st All-Russian Congress of Soviets
2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets
SOVNARKOM
Pravda
Accommodationism
“All Power to the Soviets”
“Peace! Bread! Land!
Permanent Revolution
Vanguard of the Proletariat
Land to the Peasants
Left SR
Red Guards
Military Revolutionary Committee
Helpful Resources
Primary - Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, April Theses, April 7, 1917 in Pravda No. 26 in Lenin’s Collected Works, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961, Moscow, Volume 24, pp. 19-26
Primary - Browder, Robert, Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky, The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents, Volumes I-III-Stanford University Press, 1961
Primary - 17 Moments in Soviet History, collection of primary text
Primary - Russian Presidental Library (Russian), collection of primary texts
Primary- Lenin’s Collected Works, Progress Publishers, Moscow, Volume 26, 1972, pp. 321-332
Bartlett, Roger (eds.), Land Commune and Peasant Community in Russia: Communal Forms in Imperial and Early Soviet Society, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990
Brenton, Tony, Was Revolution Inevitable? : Turning Points of the Russian Revolution, Oxford University Press, 2017
Engelstein, Laura, Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914-1921. Oxford University Press, 2018
Faulkner, Neil. A People's History of the Russian Revolution. London: Pluto Press, 2017.
Felshtinsky, Yuri, Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917-1924, Enigma Books, 2010
Figes, Orlando, Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside In Revolution, 1917 - 1921, Oxford University Press, USA, 1991
Fitzpatrick, Sheila. ¨1917: The Revolutions of February and October¨ in Russian Revolution. Oxford University Press, 1999.
Kabytov, P., Kabytova, N. Peasants and Power in 1917: the Localization of the Revolution. Her. Russ. Acad. Sci. 92 (Suppl 3), 2022
Mawdsley, Evan, The Russian Revolution and the Baltic Fleet: War and Politics, February 1917–April 1918, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1978
Nimtz, August, Lenin's Electoral Strategy from 1907 to the October Revolution of 1917: The Ballot, the Streets—or Both, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014
Pipes, Richard, The Russian Revolution, Vintage, 1991
Robinson, Paul, Russian Conservatism, Northern Illinois University Press, 2019
Service, Robert, Trotsky: A Biography, Pan Books, 2009
Shlapentokh, Dmitry. "The Images of the French Revolution in the February and Bolshevik Revolutions." Russian History 16, no. 1 (1989): 31-54.
Smith, Stephen. Red Petrograd: Revolution in the Factories, 1917–1918. Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies. Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Steinberg, Mark, The Russian Revolution, 1905-1921, Oxford University Press, 2016
Zenzinov, Vladimir, "The Bolsheviks and the Peasant." Foreign Affairs, October 1, 1925
Lenin´s Russia
¨Lenin had the most significant role in the consolidation of the new Soviet State.¨ Discuss (Nov 2018)
Vocab
2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets
SOVNARKOM
Politiburo
Decree on Party Unity (1921)
nomenklatura system
Union for the Defence of the Motherland & Liberty
Democratic Centralists
Workers Opposition
Cheka / GPU
Red Terror
Kronsdadt revolt (1921)
Agitprop
margarine socialists
radishes
Decree on Land (1917)
Tambov uprising (1920-21)
Great Defeat Speech (1921)
New Economic Policy (1921)
Scissor Crisis (1923)
State Capitalism (1917-18)
Vesenkha
Workers Control Decree
War Communism (1918-21)
Decree on Nationalisation
Civil War Sausage
NEPman
Komuch Programme (1918)
Union for the Defence of the Motherland & Liberty
Georgian Affair
Programme of Antonov Movement (1920)
Pitchfork uprising
Declaration by the Kronsdadt Rebels/Petropavlovsk Resolution
Code on Marriage, the Family and Guardianship (1918)
Zhenotdel
Glass of Water Theory
Decree of the liquidation of illiteracy / Likbez Campaign (1919)
Red Rooms
Pioneers & Komsomol
Decree on the Separation of Church & State (1918)
Patriarch Tikhon
Decree on Nationalities (1917)
Korenizatsiya
Basmachi Movement
Red Sticks
National Communism
tachanka
Moscow Directive (June 1919)
Operation Red Trek
Dnieper Flotilla
M Bomb
Kolchuk
Denkin
Yudenich
Udarnye
Internationalist
Russo-Polish War
Treaty of Riga
Decree on Peace (1917)
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
No peace, no war
COMINTERN
Declaration on the Creation of the USSR (1922)
Anglo-Soviet trade agreement (1921)
Rapollo Treaty (1922)
cordon sanitaire
Helpful Resources
Primary - Butt, V.P., Geoffrey Swain, A.B. Murphy, N.A. Myshov. The Russian Civil War: Documents from the Soviet Archives. MacMillian, 1996.
Primary - Degras, Jane, (ed.), Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy (1952), Vol. I (1917-1918)
Primary - McCauley, Martin (ed) The Russian Revolution and the Soviet State 1917–1921: Documents, London, 1975
Primary - Petrovich Melgunov, Serge. The Red Terror in Russia (1925)
Primary - Treaty of Rapallo, 16 April 1922, Article 2
Primary - Trotsky, Leon, Terrorism and Communism (1920)
Primary - various sources on the economic situation in Russia
Primary - Pipes, Richard, The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive. Yale University Press,1999
Primary - Wade, Rex, Documents of Soviet History: The triumph of Bolshevism, 1917-1919, Academic International Press
Primary- Wade, Rex, Documents of Soviet History: Triumph and retreat, 1920-1922, Academic International Press
Primary - Wade, Rex, Documents of Soviet History: Lenin's heirs, 1923-1925, Academic International Press
Primary - Bunin, Ivan, Cursed Days: A Diary in Revolution, Phoenix, 2000
Primary - Brovkin, Vladimir; Hessen, Robert, Dear Comrades: Menshevik Reports on the Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War, Hoover Institution Press, 1991
Badcock, Sarah, Novikova, Liudmila, and Retish, Aaron, eds., Russian Home Front in War and Revolution, 1914–22: Book 1. Russia’s Revolution in Regional Perspective, Slavica Pub, 2015
Ball, Alan. "Survival in the Street World of Soviet Russia's "Besprizornye"." Jahrbücher Für Geschichte Osteuropas, Neue Folge, 39, no. 1 (1991): 33-52.
Brenton, Tony, Was Revolution Inevitable? : Turning Points of the Russian Revolution, Oxford University Press, 2017
Brovkin, Vladimir, The Mensheviks after October: Socialist Opposition and the Rise of the Bolshevik Dictatorship, Cornell University Press, 1987
Brovkin, Vladimir, Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918-1922, Princeton University Press, 1994
Brovkin, Vladimir, The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The Revolution and the Civil Wars, Yale University Press, 1997
Carley, Michael Jabara. Review of Allied Intervention and the Russian Civil War, 1917-1922, by Michael Kettle, Richard Luckett, Iurii Vladimirovich Got’e, Terence Emmons, and Donald J. Raleigh. The International History Review 11, no. 4 (1989): 689–700.
Channon, John. "The Bolsheviks and the Peasantry: The Land Question during the First Eight Months of Soviet Rule." The Slavonic and East European Review 66, no. 4 (1988): 593-624.
Conroy, Mary Schaeffer. "Abuse of Drugs Other than Alcohol and Tobacco in the Soviet Union." Soviet Studies 42, no. 3 (1990): 447-80.
Cox, Michael. “Trotsky and His Interpreters; or, Will the Real Leon Trotsky Please Stand Up?” The Russian Review 51, no. 1 (1992): 84–102.
Faulkner, Neil, A People’s History of the Russian Revolution, Pluto Press, 2017
Figes, Orlando, A People´s Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution, Penguin, 1996
Figes, Orlando, Revolutionary Russia, 1891-1991: A Pelican Introduction. Penguin, 2014
Figes, Orlando. "The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918-1920." Past & Present, no. 129 (1990): 168-211.
Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Sex and Revolution: An Examination of Literary and Statistical Data on the Mores of Soviet Students in the 1920s." The Journal of Modern History 50, no. 2 (1978): 252-78.
Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Social Parasites: How Tramps, Idle Youth, and Busy Entrepreneurs Impeded the Soviet March to Communism." Cahiers Du Monde Russe 47, no. 1/2 (2006): 377-408.
Fitzpatrick, Sheila. ¨The Civil War¨ in Russian Revolution. Oxford University Press, 1999.
Fitzpatrick, Sheila. The cultural front: power and culture in revolutionary Russia, Cornell University Press, 1992
Frame, Murray, Kolonitskii, Boris, Marks, Steven, Stockdale, Melissa, Russian Culture in War and Revolution, 1914–22: Book 1. Popular Culture, the Arts, and Institutions, Slavica Pub, 2014
Frame, Murray, Kolonitskii, Boris, Marks, Steven, Stockdale, Melissa, Russian Culture in War and Revolution, 1914–22: Book 2. Political Culture, Identities, Mentalities, and Memory, Slavica Pub, 2014
Gerasimov, Ilya, Modernism and Public Reform in Late Imperial Russia: Rural Professionals and Self-Organization, 1905-30, 2009
Goldman, Wendy Z. "Industrial Politics, Peasant Rebellion and the Death of the Proletarian Women's Movement in the USSR." Slavic Review 55, no. 1 (1996): 46-77.
Gorsuch, Anne E. ""A Woman Is Not a Man": The Culture of Gender and Generation in Soviet Russia, 1921-1928." Slavic Review 55, no. 3 (1996): 636-60.
Gorsuch, Anne E. "NEP Be Damned! Young Militants in the 1920s and the Culture of Civil War." The Russian Review 56, no. 4 (1997): 564-80.
Hickey, Michael, Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution: Fighting Words, Greenwood, 2010
Lee, Stephen, Lenin and Revolutionary Russia, Routledge, 2003
Mawdsley, Evan, The Russian Revolution and the Baltic Fleet: War and Politics, February 1917–April 1918, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1978
Mawdsley, Evan, The Russian Civil War, Pegasus Books, 2009
McAuley, Mary, Bread and Justice: State and Society in Petrograd, 1917-1922, Clarendon Press, 1991
Naimen, Eric. "The Case of Chubarov Alley: Collective Rape, Utopian Desire and the Mentality of NEP." Russian History 17, no. 1 (1990): 1-30. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24656351.
Novikova, Liudmila G. "Russia's Red Revolutionary and White Terror, 1917-1921: A Provincial Perspective." Europe-Asia Studies 65, no. 9 (2013): 1755-770.
Osinsky, Pavel, and Jari Eloranta. "Why Did the Communists Win or Lose? A Comparative Analysis of the Revolutionary Civil Wars in Russia, Finland, Spain, and China." Sociological Forum 29, no. 2 (2014): 318-41.
Pipes, Richard, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, Vintage Books, 1995
Radkey, Oliver Henry, The Sickle Under the Hammer: The Russian Socialist Revolutionaries in the Early Months of Soviet Rule, Columbia University Press, 2019
Read, Christopher, From Tsars to Soviets: The Russian People and Their Revolution, 1917-1921, UCL Press, 2001.
Reese, Roger, The Soviet Military Experience: A History of the Soviet Army, 1917-1991 (Warfare and History), Routledge, 2000
Remington, Thomas. “Trotsky, War Communism, and the Origin of the NEP.” Studies in Comparative Communism 10, no. 1/2 (1977): 44–67.
Service, Robert, A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin, Harvard University Press, 2005
Service, Robert, Lenin A Biography, Pan Books, 2008
Schapiro, Leonard, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State First Phase 1917-1922 MacMillian Press, 1977
Shanin, Teodor, The awkward class. Political sociology of peasantry in a developing society: Russia 1910-1925, At the Clarendon Press, 1972
Smith, Scott, Captives of Revolution: The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 1918-1923, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011
Stickley, Andrew, and Ilkka Henrik Mäkinen. "Homicide in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union: Continuity or Change?" The British Journal of Criminology 45, no. 5 (2005): 647-70.
Swain, Geoffrey, The Origins of the Russian Civil War, Routledge, 1995
Swain, Geoffrey, Trotsky and the Russian Revolution, Routledge, 2014
Volkogonov, Dmitri, Lenin A New Biography, The Free Press, 1994
Wade, Rex, The Bolshevik Revolution and Russian Civil War, Greenwood, 2000
Wade, Rex, Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches to the Russian Revolution of 1917 (Rewriting Histories), Routledge, 2004
Werth, Nicolas, Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918-1921), Mass Violence & Résistance, 21 March, 2008.
Whitewood, Peter. “Nationalities in a Class War: «Foreign» Soldiers in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.” Journal of Modern European History / Zeitschrift Für Moderne Europäische Geschichte / Revue d’histoire Européenne Contemporaine 14, no. 3 (2016): 342–58.