Topic 12: Imperial Russia (1855-1924)

Helpful Resources

• Primary Source - Tsar Alexander II, Emancipation Edict Manifesto, 19 February 1861

• Blanchard, Ian. “Russian Railway Construction and the Urals Charcoal Iron and Steel Industry, 1851-1914.” The Economic History Review, vol. 53, no. 1, 2000, pp. 107–126. 

• Eklof, Ben,  et al, (ed) Russia's Great Reforms, 1855-1881, Indiana University Press, 1994

• Hartnett, Lynne. "The Making of a Revolutionary Icon: Vera Nikolaevna Figner and the People's Will in the Wake of the Assassination of Tsar Aleksandr II." Canadian Slavonic Papers, vol. 43, no. 2, 2001, pp. 249-270.

• Miller, Forrestt A. “Dmitrii Miliutin: Liberal or Conservative?” Jahrbücher Für Geschichte Osteuropas, vol. 13, no. 2, 1965, pp. 192–198. 

• Mosse, Werner, Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia, I. B. Tauris, 1992

• Polunov, Alexandr, Owen, Thomas C., and Zakharova, L. G.. Russia in the Nineteenth Century:Autocracy, Reform, and Social Change, 1814-1914. Armonk: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005.

• Pushkarev, Sergei G. “The Russian Peasants' Reaction to the Emancipation of 1861.” The Russian Review, vol. 27, no. 2, 1968, pp. 199–214.

• Radzinsky, Edvard, Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar, Free Press, 2005

• Rieber, Alfred, “Alexander II: A Revisionist View.” The Journal of Modern History 43, no. 1 (1971): 42–58.

• Rieber, Alfred, The Imperial Russian Project: Autocratic Politics, Economic Development, and Social Fragmentation,  University of Toronto Press, 2017

• Sanborn, Josh. “Conscription, Correspondence and Politics in Late Imperial Russia.” Russian History, vol. 24, no. 1/2, 1997, pp. 27–40. 

• Saunders, David, Russia in the Age of Reaction and Reform 1801-1881, Routledge, 1992

• Seton-Watson, Hugh, The Decline of Imperial Russia, 1855-1914, F.A. Praeger, New York - Washington, 1965

• Shlapentokh, Vladimir. “Alexander II and Mikhail Gorbachev—Two Reformers in Historical Perspective.” Russian History, vol. 17, no. 4, 1990, pp. 395–408.

• William Wcislo, Francis, Reforming Rural Russia: State, Local Society, and National Politics, 1855-1914, Princeton University Press, 1990

• Wood, Alan. The Origins of the Russian Revolution, 1861-1917. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.

• Podcast - BBC In Our Time: Tsar Alexander II´s Assassination

• ​Podcast - BBC In Our Time: The Emancipation of the Serfs

• Video - Alexander II - History of Russia in 100 Minutes

• Video - The Romanovs. The History of the Russian Dynasty - Episode 7

• Video - Russia - Land of the Tsars 16 (Context - Nicolas I)

Helpful Resources

• Primary Source - Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, ¨What is to be Done 1902¨ in Lenin’s Collected Works, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961, Moscow, Volume 5, pp. 347-530

• Primary Source - Tsar Alexander III, ¨The Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy¨ 1881

• Anemone, Anthony, Just Assassins: The Culture of Terrorism in Russia, Northwestern University Press, 2010 

• Ascher, Abraham, P.A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia, Stanford University Press, 2001

• Badcock, Sarah, Politics and People Revolutionary Russia, Cambridge University Press, 2007

• Badcock, Sarah, A Prison Without Walls? Eastern Siberian Exile in the Last Years of Tsarism, Oxford University Press, 2017

• Bonnell, Victoria, Roots of Rebellion: Workers' Politics and Organizations in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1900-1914, University of California Press, 1984

• Charques, Richard, The Twilight of Imperial Russia, Oxford University Press, 1974

• Figes, Orlando, Revolutionary Russia, 1891-1991: A History, Metropolitan Books, 2014

• Galai, Shmuel, The Liberation Movement in Russia 1900-1905, Cambridge University Press, 1973

• Gatrell, Peter, Government, Industry and Rearmament in Russia, 1900-1914: The Last Argument of Tsarism, Cambridge University Press, 1994 

• Gerasimov, Ilya, Modernism and Public Reform in Late Imperial Russia: Rural Professionals and Self-Organization, 1905-30, 2009

• Hosking, Geoffrey, Russia and the Russians: A History. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001

• Hosking, Geoffrey &  Robert, Service, Russian Nationalism, Past and Present. MacMillian Press, 1998

• Hildermeier, Manfred, The Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party Before the First World War, Palgrave MacMillan, 2000 

• McReynolds, Louise, The News under Russia's Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press,  Princeton University Press, 1991

• Melancon, Michael, The Lena Goldfields Massacre and the Crisis of the Late Tsarist State. Texas A&M University Press, 2006

• Morrissey, Susan, Suicide and the Body Politic in Imperial Russia, Cambridge University Press,2007

• Mommsen, Wolfgang & Dr Hirschfeld , Gerhard (eds.), Social Protest, Violence and Terror in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Europe, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1982

• Naimark, Norman, Terrorists And Social Democrats: The Russian Revolutionary Movement Under Alexander III, Harvard University Press, 1983

• Pallo, Judith, Land Reform in Russia, 1906-1917: Peasant Responses to Stolypin's Project of Rural Transformation, Clarendon Press, 1999

• Polunov, Alexandr, Owen, Thomas C., and Zakharova, L. G.. Russia in the Nineteenth Century:Autocracy, Reform, and Social Change, 1814-1914. Armonk: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005.

• Shanin, Teodor, The awkward class. Political sociology of peasantry in a developing society: Russia 1910-1925, At the Clarendon Press, 1972 

• Shanin, Teodor, Late Marx and the Russian Road: Marx and the Peripheries of Capitalism, 1983

• Shanin, Teodor, Russia as a ‘Developing Society’: The Roots of Otherness: Russia’s Turn of Century Volume 1, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985 

• Tokmakoff, George. “Stolypin's Agrarian Reform: An Appraisal.” The Russian Review, vol. 30, no. 2, 1971, pp. 124–138. 

• Von Laue, T. H. “A Secret Memorandum of Sergei Witte on the Industrialization of Imperial Russia.” The Journal of Modern History, vol. 26, no. 1, 1954, pp. 60–74. 

• William Wcislo, Francis, Reforming Rural Russia: State, Local Society, and National Politics, 1855-1914, Princeton University Press, 1990

• Wood, Alan. The Origins of the Russian Revolution, 1861-1917. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.

• Wortman, Richard. "Moscow and Petersburg: The Problem of Political Center in Tsarist Russia, 1881-1914." In Russian Monarchy: Representation and Rule, 170-98. Brighton, MA, USA: Academic Studies Press, 2013. 

• Wortman, Richard. "The Russian Empire and Russian Monarchy: The Problem of Russian Nationalism." In Russian Monarchy: Representation and Rule, 221-32. Brighton, MA, USA: Academic Studies Press, 2013. 

• Wortman, Richard, Russian monarchy: representation and rule: collected articles, Academic Studies Press, 2013

• Video - The Romanovs. The History of the Russian Dynasty - Episode 8

Helpful Resources

• Primary Source - Father Gapon, The ¨Bloody Sunday¨ Petition to the Tsar¨ 1905.

• Primary Source - ¨The Program of the Social Revolutionists,¨ 1905

• Primary Source - Tsar Nicolas II, ¨October Manifesto,¨ 1905

• Primary Source - Tsar Nicolas II, ¨The Fundamental Laws,¨ 1906

• Primary Source - Vyborg Manifesto, 1906

• Doctorow, Gilbert S. "The Fundamental State Laws of 23 April 1906." The Russian Review 35, no. 1 (1976): 33-52. 

• Edelman, Robert. Proletarian Peasants: The Revolution of 1905 in Russia's Southwest. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987.

• Esthus, Raymond A. "Nicholas II and the Russo-Japanese War." The Russian Review 40, no. 4 (1981): 396-411. 

• Heywood, Anthony, Smele, Jonathan, The Russian Revolution of 1905: Centenary Perspectives, Routledge, 2005

• Perrie, Maureen, The Agrarian Policy of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party: From its Origins through the Revolution of 1905-1907, Cambridge University Press, 1977 

• Pleshakov, Constantine, The Tsar’s Last Armada: The Epic Voyage to the Battle of Tsushima, Basic Books, 2002

• Shanin, Teodor, Russia, 1905-07: Revolution As A Moment of Truth, Yale University Press, 1986 

• Steinberg, John W. "Was the Russo-Japanese War World War Zero?" The Russian Review 67, no. 1 (2008): 1-7. 

• Steinberg, Mark, The Russian Revolution, 1905-1921, Oxford University Press, 2016

• Steinwedel, Charles. “The 1905 Revolution in Ufa: Mass Politics, Elections, and Nationality.” The Russian Review, vol. 59, no. 4, 2000, pp. 555–576. 

• Wortman, Richard. "Nicholas II and the Revolution of 1905." In Russian Monarchy: Representation and Rule, 199-218. Brighton, MA, USA: Academic Studies Press, 2013. 

Helpful Resources

• Charques, Richard, The Twilight of Imperial Russia, Oxford University Press, 1974

• Figes, Orlando, Revolutionary Russia, 1891-1991: A History, Metropolitan Books, 2014

• Gatrell, Peter, Russia's First World War: A Social and Economic History, Longman, 2005

• Hosking, Geoffrey, Russia and the Russians: A History. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001

• Read, Christopher. "In Search of Liberal Tsarism: The Historiography of Autocratic Decline." The Historical Journal 45, no. 1 (2002): 195-210. 

• Pipes, Richard. “Did the Russian Revolution Have to Happen?” The American Scholar 63, no. 2 (1994): 215–38.

• Steinberg, Mark, The Russian Revolution, 1905-1921, Oxford University Press, 2016

• White, James D. "The February Revolution and the Bolshevik Vyborg District Committee (In Response to Michael Melancon)." Soviet Studies 41, no. 4 (1989): 602-24. 

• Video - Lieven, Dominic, The February Revolution in Russia, Gresham College

Helpful Resources

• Primary - Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, April Theses, April 7, 1917 in Pravda No. 26 in Lenin’s Collected Works, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961, Moscow, Volume 24, pp. 19-26

• Primary - Browder, Robert, Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky, The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents, Volumes I-III-Stanford University Press, 1961

• Primary - 17 Moments in Soviet History, collection of primary text

• Primary - Russian Presidental Library (Russian), collection of primary texts

• Primary- Lenin’s Collected Works, Progress Publishers, Moscow, Volume 26, 1972, pp. 321-332

• Bartlett, Roger (eds.), Land Commune and Peasant Community in Russia: Communal Forms in Imperial and Early Soviet Society, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990

• Brenton, Tony, Was Revolution Inevitable? : Turning Points of the Russian Revolution, Oxford University Press, 2017

• Engelstein, Laura, Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914-1921. Oxford University Press, 2018

• Faulkner, Neil. A People's History of the Russian Revolution. London: Pluto Press, 2017. 

• Felshtinsky, Yuri, Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917-1924, Enigma Books, 2010

• Figes, Orlando, Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside In Revolution, 1917 - 1921, Oxford University Press, USA, 1991

• Fitzpatrick, Sheila. ¨1917: The Revolutions of February and October¨ in Russian Revolution. Oxford University Press, 1999. 

• Kabytov, P., Kabytova, N. Peasants and Power in 1917: the Localization of the Revolution. Her. Russ. Acad. Sci. 92 (Suppl 3), 2022

• Mawdsley, Evan, The Russian Revolution and the Baltic Fleet: War and Politics, February 1917–April 1918, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1978

• Nimtz, August, Lenin's Electoral Strategy from 1907 to the October Revolution of 1917: The Ballot, the Streets—or Both, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014

• Pipes, Richard, The Russian Revolution, Vintage, 1991 

• Robinson, Paul, Russian Conservatism, Northern Illinois University Press, 2019

• Service, Robert, Trotsky: A Biography, Pan Books, 2009

• Shlapentokh, Dmitry. "The Images of the French Revolution in the February and Bolshevik Revolutions." Russian History 16, no. 1 (1989): 31-54. 

• Smith, Stephen. Red Petrograd: Revolution in the Factories, 1917–1918. Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies. Cambridge University Press, 1983. 

• Steinberg, Mark, The Russian Revolution, 1905-1921, Oxford University Press, 2016

• Zenzinov, Vladimir, "The Bolsheviks and the Peasant." Foreign Affairs, October 1, 1925

Helpful Resources

• Primary - Butt, V.P., Geoffrey Swain, A.B. Murphy, N.A. Myshov. The Russian Civil War: Documents from the Soviet Archives. MacMillian, 1996.

• Primary - Degras, Jane, (ed.), Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy (1952), Vol. I (1917-1918) 

• Primary - McCauley, Martin (ed) The Russian Revolution and the Soviet State 1917–1921: Documents, London, 1975

• Primary - Petrovich Melgunov, Serge. The Red Terror in Russia (1925)

• Primary - Treaty of Rapallo, 16 April 1922, Article 2

• Primary - Trotsky, Leon, Terrorism and Communism (1920)

• Primary - various sources on the economic situation in Russia

• Primary - Pipes, Richard, The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive. Yale University Press,1999

• Primary - Wade, Rex, Documents of Soviet History: The triumph of Bolshevism, 1917-1919, Academic International Press

• Primary- Wade, Rex, Documents of Soviet History: Triumph and retreat, 1920-1922, Academic International Press

• Primary - Wade, Rex, Documents of Soviet History: Lenin's heirs, 1923-1925, Academic International Press

• Primary - Bunin, Ivan, Cursed Days: A Diary in Revolution, Phoenix, 2000

• Primary - Brovkin, Vladimir; Hessen, Robert, Dear Comrades: Menshevik Reports on the Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War, Hoover Institution Press, 1991

• Badcock, Sarah, Novikova, Liudmila, and Retish, Aaron, eds., Russian Home Front in War and Revolution, 1914–22: Book 1. Russia’s Revolution in Regional Perspective, Slavica Pub, 2015

• Ball, Alan. "Survival in the Street World of Soviet Russia's "Besprizornye"." Jahrbücher Für Geschichte Osteuropas, Neue Folge, 39, no. 1 (1991): 33-52. 

• Brenton, Tony, Was Revolution Inevitable? : Turning Points of the Russian Revolution, Oxford University Press, 2017

• Brovkin, Vladimir, The Mensheviks after October: Socialist Opposition and the Rise of the Bolshevik Dictatorship, Cornell University Press, 1987

• Brovkin, Vladimir, Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918-1922, Princeton University Press, 1994

• Brovkin, Vladimir, The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The Revolution and the Civil Wars, Yale University Press, 1997

• Carley, Michael Jabara. Review of Allied Intervention and the Russian Civil War, 1917-1922, by Michael Kettle, Richard Luckett, Iurii Vladimirovich Got’e, Terence Emmons, and Donald J. Raleigh. The International History Review 11, no. 4 (1989): 689–700.

• Channon, John. "The Bolsheviks and the Peasantry: The Land Question during the First Eight Months of Soviet Rule." The Slavonic and East European Review 66, no. 4 (1988): 593-624. 

• Conroy, Mary Schaeffer. "Abuse of Drugs Other than Alcohol and Tobacco in the Soviet Union." Soviet Studies 42, no. 3 (1990): 447-80. 

• Cox, Michael. “Trotsky and His Interpreters; or, Will the Real Leon Trotsky Please Stand Up?” The Russian Review 51, no. 1 (1992): 84–102.

• Faulkner, Neil, A People’s History of the Russian Revolution, Pluto Press, 2017

• Figes, Orlando, A People´s Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution, Penguin, 1996

• Figes, Orlando, Revolutionary Russia, 1891-1991: A Pelican Introduction. Penguin, 2014

• Figes, Orlando. "The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918-1920." Past & Present, no. 129 (1990): 168-211.

• Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Sex and Revolution: An Examination of Literary and Statistical Data on the Mores of Soviet Students in the 1920s." The Journal of Modern History 50, no. 2 (1978): 252-78. 

• Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Social Parasites: How Tramps, Idle Youth, and Busy Entrepreneurs Impeded the Soviet March to Communism." Cahiers Du Monde Russe 47, no. 1/2 (2006): 377-408.

• Fitzpatrick, Sheila. ¨The Civil War¨ in Russian Revolution. Oxford University Press, 1999. 

• Fitzpatrick, Sheila. The cultural front: power and culture in revolutionary Russia, Cornell University Press, 1992

• Frame, Murray, Kolonitskii, Boris, Marks, Steven, Stockdale, Melissa, Russian Culture in War and Revolution, 1914–22: Book 1. Popular Culture, the Arts, and Institutions, Slavica Pub, 2014 

• Frame, Murray, Kolonitskii, Boris, Marks, Steven, Stockdale, Melissa, Russian Culture in War and Revolution, 1914–22: Book 2. Political Culture, Identities, Mentalities, and Memory, Slavica Pub, 2014 

• Gerasimov, Ilya, Modernism and Public Reform in Late Imperial Russia: Rural Professionals and Self-Organization, 1905-30, 2009

• Goldman, Wendy Z. "Industrial Politics, Peasant Rebellion and the Death of the Proletarian Women's Movement in the USSR." Slavic Review 55, no. 1 (1996): 46-77. 

• Gorsuch, Anne E. ""A Woman Is Not a Man": The Culture of Gender and Generation in Soviet Russia, 1921-1928." Slavic Review 55, no. 3 (1996): 636-60. 

• Gorsuch, Anne E. "NEP Be Damned! Young Militants in the 1920s and the Culture of Civil War." The Russian Review 56, no. 4 (1997): 564-80. 

• Hickey, Michael, Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution: Fighting Words, Greenwood, 2010

• Lee, Stephen, Lenin and Revolutionary Russia, Routledge, 2003

• Mawdsley, Evan, The Russian Revolution and the Baltic Fleet: War and Politics, February 1917–April 1918, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1978

• Mawdsley, Evan, The Russian Civil War, Pegasus Books, 2009

• McAuley, Mary, Bread and Justice: State and Society in Petrograd, 1917-1922, Clarendon Press, 1991

• Naimen, Eric. "The Case of Chubarov Alley: Collective Rape, Utopian Desire and the Mentality of NEP." Russian History 17, no. 1 (1990): 1-30. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24656351.

• Novikova, Liudmila G. "Russia's Red Revolutionary and White Terror, 1917-1921: A Provincial Perspective." Europe-Asia Studies 65, no. 9 (2013): 1755-770.

• Osinsky, Pavel, and Jari Eloranta. "Why Did the Communists Win or Lose? A Comparative Analysis of the Revolutionary Civil Wars in Russia, Finland, Spain, and China." Sociological Forum 29, no. 2 (2014): 318-41.

• Pipes, Richard, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, Vintage Books, 1995

• Radkey, Oliver Henry, The Sickle Under the Hammer: The Russian Socialist Revolutionaries in the Early Months of Soviet Rule, Columbia University Press, 2019

• Read, Christopher, From Tsars to Soviets: The Russian People and Their Revolution, 1917-1921, UCL Press, 2001.

• Reese, Roger, The Soviet Military Experience: A History of the Soviet Army, 1917-1991 (Warfare and History), Routledge, 2000

• Remington, Thomas. “Trotsky, War Communism, and the Origin of the NEP.” Studies in Comparative Communism 10, no. 1/2 (1977): 44–67.

• Service, Robert, A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin, Harvard University Press, 2005

• Service, Robert, Lenin A Biography, Pan Books, 2008

• Schapiro, Leonard, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State First Phase 1917-1922 MacMillian Press, 1977

• Shanin, Teodor, The awkward class. Political sociology of peasantry in a developing society: Russia 1910-1925, At the Clarendon Press, 1972 

• Smith, Scott, Captives of Revolution: The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 1918-1923, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011

• Stickley, Andrew, and Ilkka Henrik Mäkinen. "Homicide in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union: Continuity or Change?" The British Journal of Criminology 45, no. 5 (2005): 647-70.

• Swain, Geoffrey, The Origins of the Russian Civil War, Routledge, 1995

• Swain, Geoffrey, Trotsky and the Russian Revolution, Routledge, 2014

• Volkogonov, Dmitri, Lenin A New Biography, The Free Press, 1994

• Wade, Rex, The Bolshevik Revolution and Russian Civil War, Greenwood, 2000

• Wade, Rex, Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches to the Russian Revolution of 1917 (Rewriting Histories), Routledge, 2004

• Werth, Nicolas, Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918-1921), Mass Violence & Résistance, 21 March, 2008.

• Whitewood, Peter. “Nationalities in a Class War: «Foreign» Soldiers in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.” Journal of Modern European History / Zeitschrift Für Moderne Europäische Geschichte / Revue d’histoire Européenne Contemporaine 14, no. 3 (2016): 342–58.