Topic 14: Interwar Domestic (1918-1939)

Helpful Resources

• Primary Source - ¨II - THE BIRTH OF FASCISM AND THE EARLY OPPOSITION¨ in  Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and the Resistance in Italy : 1919 to the Present. Pugliese, Stanislao, ed.(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004)

• Primary Source - Il Popolo d’Italia "The Platform of the Fasci di Combattimento," (6 June 1919), in Jeffrey Thompson Schnapp, Olivia E. Sears & Maria G. Stampino (eds.), A Primer of Italian Fascism (1999), pp. 3-6

• Primary Source - Mussolini, Benito, "Mussolini as revealed in his political speeches, (November 1914 - August 1923)" 

• Brustein, William, "The "Red Menace" and the Rise of Italian Fascism" American Sociological Review, Vol. 56, No. 5 (Oct., 1991), pp. 652-664.

• DailyHistory.org ¨How did Mussolini Rise to Power as the Dictator of Italy?¨  2019

• Foot, John, "'White Bolsheviks' The Catholic Left and the Socialists in Italy 1919-1920" The Historical Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Jun., 1997), pp. 415-433

• Gentile, Emilio, "Paramilitary Violence in Italy: The Rationale of Fascism and the Origins of Totalitarianism" in Gerwarth, Robert & Horne, John (eds) War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War (Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online: January 2013)

• Iodice, Emilio, ¨Lessons from History: The Startling Rise to Power of Benito Mussolini¨ Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 7/15/2018, Vol.11(2) - Begins Pg. 14

• Pauley, Bruce​ ¨Chapter 2 Seizure of Power¨ in Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini : Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century (West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014)

Helpful Resources

• Primary - ¨III - THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER AND THE ANTI- FASCIST RESPONSE¨ in  Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and the Resistance in Italy : 1919 to the Present. Pugliese, Stanislao, ed.(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004)

• Primary Source - Ludwig, Emil "Talks with Mussolini" (Little Brown Company, 1933)

• Gentile, Emilio, ¨The Theatre of Politics in Fascist Italy¨ in Fascism and Theatre : Comparative Studies on the Aesthetics and Politics of Performance in Europe, 1925-1945, edited by Günter Berghaus, (Berghahn Books, Incorporated, 1996)

• Pauley, Bruce​ ¨Chapter 3, 5, 7¨ in Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini : Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century (West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014)

• Roberts, David, "Myth, Style, Substance and the Totalitarian Dynamic in Fascist  Italy" Contemporary European History, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Feb., 2007), pp. 1-36

Helpful Resources

• Primary - ¨IV - The Fascist State and Dissident Voices¨ in  Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and the Resistance in Italy : 1919 to the Present. Pugliese, Stanislao, ed.(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004)

• Primary - ¨V - Fascist & Anti-Fascist Culture,¨ Anti-Fascism, and the Resistance in Italy : 1919 to the Present. Pugliese, Stanislao, ed.(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004)

• Active History - Mussolini Domestic Revision

• Aquarone, Alberto, "Italy: The Crisis and Corporative Economy" Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 4, No. 4, The Great Depression (Oct., 1969),​ pp. 37-58

• Carr, Richard, and Hart, Bradley W.. The Global 1920s : Politics, Economics and Society. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2016

• Hibbert, Christopher. Il Duce, Little, Brown & Company, Year: 1962

• Kallis, Aristotle, The Third Rome, 1922–1943: The Making of the Fascist Capital, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014 

• Payne, Stanely ¨Chapter 4: The Mussolini and Hitler Regimes¨ in Fascism: Comparison and Definition (University of WIsconsin, 1983)

• Pollard, John, "Italy" in Tom Buchanan and Martin Conway (eds) Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918–1965 (Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online: October 2011)

Helpful Resources

• Boek, Helen, "Women in Weimar Politics" European History Quarterly, 20:3 (1990), 369–99

• Carr, Richard, and Hart, Bradley W.. The Global 1920s : Politics, Economics and Society. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2016

• Harvey, Elizabeth, "The Failure of Feminism? Young Women and the Bourgeois Feminist Movement in Weimar Germany 1918-1933" Central European History, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1995), pp. 1-28

• Jones, Mark, “Conclusion.” in Founding Weimar: Violence and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016), pp. 324–338.

• McElligott, Anthony, Rethinking the Weimar Republic: Authority and Authoritarianism, 1916-1936, Bloomsbury Academic, 2013

• Mommsen, Wolfgang, "The German Revolution 1918-1920: political revolution and social protest movement." in Richard Bessel and E.J. Feuchtwanger. (eds), Social change and political development in Weimar Germany, (London: Croom Helm, 1981)

• Lindemann, Albert, "War, Revolution and Fascism 1914-33" in AntiSemitism Before the Holocaust (London: Routledge, 2014) 

• Weinhauer, Klaus; McElligott, Anthony; Heinsohn, Kirsten (eds), Germany 1916-23: A Revolution in Context, Transcript Publishing, 2015

• Widdig, Bernd, ¨Aftershock: Inflation, National Socialism and Beyond¨ in ​Culture and Inflation in Weimar Germany (University of California Press, 2001)

• Winkler, Heinrich, ¨A Year of Decisions: From the Occupation of the Ruhr to the Dawes Plan.¨ In The Age of Catastrophe. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020)

• Winkler, Heinrich, ¨The Pace of Revolution Slows¨ In The Age of Catastrophe. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020)

Helpful Resources

• Carr, Richard, and Hart, Bradley W.. The Global 1920s : Politics, Economics and Society. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2016

• Peukert, Detlev, The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity, Hill and Wang, 1993

• Hiden, John, The Weimar Republic, Routledge, 1996

• Kater, Michael, ¨Weimar in the Weimar Republic¨ in Weimar: From Enlightenment to the Present (Yale Scholarship Online, 2015)

• McElligott, Anthony, Rethinking the Weimar Republic: Authority and Authoritarianism, 1916-1936, Bloomsbury Academic, 2013

• Pohl, Karl Heinrich, Gustav Stresemann: The Crossover Artist, Berghahn Books, 2019

• Turner, Henry Ashby, Stresemann and the Politics of the Weimar Republic, Princeton University Press, 1963 

• Weisbrod, Bernd, "The Crisis of Bourgeois Society in Interwar Germany" in Richard Bessel. (ed), Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: comparisons and contrasts, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)

• Wright, Jonathan, Gustav Stresemann: Weimar's Greatest Statesman, Oxford University Press, USA, 2002

Helpful Resources

• Evans, Richard, The Coming of the Third Reich, The Penguin Press;Penguin Group, 2009

• James, Harold, "Economic Reasons for the Collapse of the Weimar Republic." in Ian Kershaw (ed) Weimar - Why did German democracy fail? (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1990)

• Hiden, John, Republican and Fascist Germany: Themes and Variations in the History of Weimar and the Third Reich, 1918-1945, Routledge, 2020

• Housden, Martyn, Hitler: Biography of a Revolutionary? 2000

• Kershaw, Ian, Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris,  Penguin Books, Limited (UK), 2001

• Lonne, Karl-Egon "Germany" in Tom Buchanan and Martin Conway (eds) Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918–1965 (Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online: October 2011)

• McElligott, Anthony, Rethinking the Weimar Republic: Authority and Authoritarianism, 1916-1936, Bloomsbury Academic, 2013

• Roseman, Mark, "National Socialism and Modernisation" in Richard Bessel. (ed),  Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: comparisons and contrasts, (Cambridge: Cambridge University
  Press, 1996)

• Stogbaur, Christian, "The radicalisation of the German electorate: Swinging to the Right and the Left in thetwilight of the Weimar Republic" European Review of Economic History, Vol. 5, No. 2, German Cliometrics (AUGUST2001), pp. 251-280

• Turner, Henry Ashby, Hitler's Thirty Days to Power: January 1933, Book Sales, 2003

• Turner, Henry Ashby, , German Big Business And The Rise Of Hitler, Oxford University Press, 1985

• Winkler, Heinrich, "German Society, Hitler and the Illusion of Restoration 1930-33"  Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 11, No. 4, Special Issue: Theories of Fascism(Oct., 1976), pp. 1-16

Helpful Resources

• Broszat, Martin, The Hitler State: The Foundation And Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich, Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2013 

• Bullock, Andy, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives, Fontana Press, 1991

• Donald, Moira & Rees, Tim, Reinterpreting Revolution in Twentieth-century Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001

• Housden, Martyn, Resistance and Conformity in the Third Reich, Routledge, 1997 

• Kallis, Aristotle, Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War, 2006

• Kershaw, Ian, The 'Hitler myth': image and reality in the Third Reich,  Oxford University Press, 1987

• Kershaw, Ian, Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis, Penguin Books, Limited (UK), 2001

• Noakes, Jeremy, "The Nazi Revolution" in Moira Donald & Tim Rees. (eds), Reinterpreting revolution in twentieth-century Europe, (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2001)

• Lepsius, M. Rainer. “The Model of Charismatic Leadership and Its Applicability to the Rule of Adolf Hitler.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions: Charisma and Fascism in Interwar Europe, vol. 7, no. 2, 2006, pp. 175–190.

• Overy, Richard, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, Penguin Books, Limited (UK), 2005

• Pauley, Bruce, Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century, Wiley-Blackwell, Year: 2014

• Payne, Stanley, Fascism, Comparison and Definition, University of Wisconsin Press, 1980

• Payne, Stanley, A History of Fascism, 1914-1945, UCL Press Ltd., 1995

• Peukert, Detlev J.K.; Deveson, Richard, Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition, and Racism in Everyday Life, Yale University Press, Year: 1989

• Roche, Helen, An Analysis of Ian Kershaw's The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich, Routledge, 2017

Helpful Resources

• Dukes, Paul & Hiden, John, "Towards an Historical Comparison of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia in the 1930s" New Zealand Slavonic Journal, No. 1 (1979), pp. 45-77.

• Evans, Richard, The Third Reich in power, 1933-1939, Penguin Press, 2005

• Evans, Richard, German Women and the Triumph of Hitler, 1976

• Gellately, Robert "Social Outsiders and the Consolidation of Hitler's Dictatorship, 1933–1939" in Neil Gregor (ed) Nazism, War and Genocide: New Perspectives on the History of the Third Reich (Liverpool: Liverpool Scholarship Online, 2014)

• Gotto, Bernhard  & Steber, Martina "Volksgemeinschaft: Writing the Social History of the Nazi Regime" in Visions of Community in Nazi Germany: Social Engineering and Private Lives (Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online, 2014)

• Pine, Lisa, Nazi Family Policy, 1933-1945, Berg, 1997

• Pine, Lisa, Education in Nazi Germany, Bloomsbury, 2011

• Pine, Lisa, Life and Times in Nazi Germany, Bloomsbury, 2016

• Pine, Lisa, Hitler’s "National Community:" Society and Culture in Nazi Germany, Bloomsbury, 2017

Helpful Resources

• Ben-Ami, Shlomo, "The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera: A Political Reassessment"  Journal of Contemporary History , Jan., 1977, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Jan., 1977), pp.65-84

• Payne, Stanley, Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977, University of Wisconsin Press, 1999

• Smith, Angel "The Catalan Counter-revolutionary Coalition and the Primo de Rivera Coup, 1917–231" European History Quarterly, Vol. 37(1), 7–34.

• Vincent, Mary, "Spain" in Tom Buchanan and Martin Conway (eds) Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918–1965 (Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online: October 2011)

Helpful Resources

• Casanova, Julián. ¨Part I: Republic¨ in The Spanish Republic and Civil War. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

• Julia, Santos, ¨Economic Crisis, Social Crisis, and the Popular Front: Madrid 1931-36¨ in Preston, Paul. Revolution and War in Spain, 1931-1939. Methuen, 1984.

• Payne, Stanley, Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977, University of Wisconsin Press, 1999

• Preston, Paul, ¨Introduction: War of Words: the Spanish Civil War and the Historians,¨ in Preston, Paul. Revolution and War in Spain, 1931-1939. Methuen, 1984.

• Preston, Paul. ¨The Legal Road to the Corporate State: The CEDA in Power, 1934-35¨ in The Coming of the Spanish Civil War Reform, Reaction, and Revolution in the Second Republic. 2nd ed., Routledge, 1994.

• Preston, Paul. ¨The Abandonment of Legalism: The PSOE, the CEDA and the Coming of War in 1936.¨ in The Coming of the Spanish Civil War Reform, Reaction, and Revolution in the Second Republic. 2nd ed., Routledge, 1994.

• Sanchez, Jose, "The Spanish Church and the Revolutionary Republican Movement 1930-31" Church History; Jan 1, 1962; 31, ProQuest pg. 430-439

• Shubert, Adrian, ¨The Epic Failure: the Austrian Revolution of 1934¨ in Preston, Paul. Revolution and War in Spain, 1931-1939. Methuen, 1984.

Helpful Resources

• Beevor, Antony, (Spanish), La Guerra Civil Espanola, Critica, 2005

• Blinkhorn, Martin, Democracy and Civil War in Spain 1931-1939, Routledge, 1988

• Blinkhorn, Martin, Carlism and Crisis in Spain, 1931-1939, Cambridge University Press, 2008

• Bolloten, Burnett, The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution, University of North Carolina Press, 1991

• Brenan, Gerald, The Spanish Labyrinth: An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Spanish Civil War (2nd Edition), Cambridge University Press, 2014

• Buckley, Henry & Preston, The Life and Death of the Spanish Republic: A Witness to the Spanish Civil War, Paul  I. B. Tauris, 2013

• Carr, Raymond, The Republic and the Civil War in Spain, Macmillan Education UK, Year: 1971

• Casanova, Julián. The Spanish Republic and Civil War. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

• Clifford , Alexander, The People's Army in the Spanish Civil War: A Military History of the Republic and International Brigades 1936–1939, Pen and Sword Military, Year: 2020

• Esenwein, George, The Spanish Civil War: A Modern Tragedy, Routledge, 2005

• Gabriel Jackson, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939, Princeton University Press, 1965

• Last, Jef, The Spanish Tragedy, Routledge, 2010

• Malefakis, Edward, Agrarian Reform and Peasant Revolution in Spain: Origins of the Civil War, Yale University Press, 1970

• Maura, J. Romero. “The Spanish Case.” Government and Opposition 5, no. 4 (1970): 456–79.

• Moradiellos, Enrique, Franco: Anatomy of a Dictator, I.B. Tauris, 2019

• Payne, Stanley G. “Political Violence during the Spanish Second Republic.” Journal of Contemporary History 25, no. 2/3 (1990): 269–88. 

• Payne, Stanley, Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977, University of Wisconsin Press, 1999

• Preston, Paul, Revolution and War in Spain, 1931-1939, 2001 

• Seidman, Michael, Republic of Egos: A Social History of the Spanish Civil War, 2002

• Seidman, Michael, The Victorious Counterrevolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War, University of Wisconsin Press, 2011

• Southwerth, Herb, Conspiracy and the Spanish Civil War: The Brainwashing of Francisco Franco, Routledge Canada Blanch Studies on Contemporary Spain, 2001

• Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Penguin, 2013

Helpful Resources

• Brustein, William, and Marit Berntson. “Interwar Fascist Popularity in Europe and the Default of the Left.” European Sociological Review, vol. 15, no. 2, 1999, pp. 159–178.

• Kalman, Samuel, and Kennedy, Sean. ¨Introduction¨  The French Right between the Wars. 1st ed., Berghahn Books, 2014.

• McMillian, James, "France" in Tom Buchanan and Martin Conway (eds) Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918–1965. Oxford Scholarship Online: October 2011

• Passmore, Kevin. ¨Crowd Psychology, Anti-Southern Prejudice, and Constitutional Reform in 1930s France: The Stavisky Affair and the Riots of 6 February 1934¨ in Kalman, Samuel, and Kennedy, Sean. The French Right between the Wars. 1st ed., Berghahn Books, 2014.

• Soutou, Georges-Henri, ¨The French Peacemakers and Their Homefront¨ in Boemeke, Manfred F., et al., editors. The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years. Cambridge University Press, 1998)

• Winkler, Heinrich, ¨France 1919-1922¨ In The Age of Catastrophe. Yale University Press, 2020